ニューヨークの川に浮かぶ浄水式プール

+ POOL Rendering, 2024. Designed by Family New York & Playlab, Inc. Image by proto.

2024年夏、ニューヨークの川に浮かぶ〈+ POOL〉が誕生します。このプラス型の浮遊プールは、その壁を介して河川の水を濾過し、化学薬品や添加物を使わずに1日100万ガロン（約380万リットル）以上の水を浄化します。

特徴的なプラス形状は、プールにおけるラップスイミング、ラウンジ、ウォータースポーツ、子供たちのアクティビティ用という4種の利用法に対応するためのものであり、組み合わせることでオリンピック規定の長さを有するプールとすることも可能となっています。

このプロジェクトの実現のため、ニューヨークのキャシー・ホウクル州知事は非営利団体であるFriends of + POOLとのパートナーシップを発表し、〈+ POOL〉の設立と運営、そして他の地域への規模拡大のため、1,600万ドルを拠出することを約束しました。

（以下、Friends of + POOLから提供されたプレスキットのテキストの抄訳）

+ POOL Rendering, 2024. Designed by Family New York & Playlab, Inc. Image by proto.

改善が進むニューヨークの水質

水質改善のための数十年にわたる投資により、世界中の都市が、かつては汚染されていた水路を一般に開放し始めている。ニューヨーク州でも、水路の水質は大幅に改善されており、ニューヨークの河川や港湾はここ数年で最もきれいな状態にある。

50年前、アメリカは1983年までに全米で「魚が釣れ、泳げる」水を確保することを目標に、水質浄化法を成立させた。

これまでの水質改善の取り組みにより、ニューヨーカーはハドソン川、ブロンクス川、フラッシング湾などの水域でレクリエーションを楽しめるようになったが、ニューヨーカーのレクリエーション・ニーズを満たすためには、さらなる進歩が必要である。

+ POOL Rendering, 2024. Designed by Family New York & Playlab, Inc. Image by proto.

ニューヨークの川に誕生する浄水式プール〈+ POOL〉

2024年1月5日、ニューヨークのキャシー・ホウクル州知事は州全域の自然水域を水泳用に開放するため、非営利団体であるFriends of + POOLとのパートナーシップを発表した。

そして、州全域に水泳施設を拡大するという州政府の意向のもと、アメリカ初の都市河川を利用した水泳施設〈+ POOL〉の創設と試行的運営、規模拡大のために1,600万ドルを拠出することを約束した。

+ POOL Rendering, 2024. Designed by Family New York & Playlab, Inc. Image by proto.

今年の夏に設置を予定している〈+ POOL〉は、デザインとテクノロジーを駆使した浄水プールである。

〈+ POOL〉がニューヨーク市に設置されることにより、そのユニークな濾過システムが、いかに安全な水域への公共アクセスを可能にするかを実証する。また、州内へプール建設を拡大するためのさまざまな場所の評価にも貢献するだろう。

〈+ POOL〉を通じてニューヨーカーにリバースイミングを提供することで、ニューヨーク州は水質浄化法の目標に向けて有意義な一歩を踏み出す。

+ POOL Rendering, 2024. Designed by Family New York & Playlab, Inc. Image by proto.

キャシー・ホウクル州知事は次のように語る。

「〈+ POOL〉は、ニューヨーカーが街のスカイラインの真下で、濾過されたきれいな水で泳げるようにするものである。州から1200万ドル、市から400万ドルを拠出するこのプールは、今年の夏にテストオープンし、翌年の夏には遊泳者用にオープンする予定である。」

+ POOL Rendering, 2024. Designed by Family New York & Playlab, Inc. Image by proto.

〈+ POOL〉のデザインと濾過システム

プラス型の浮遊プールはその壁を介して水を濾過し、化学薬品や添加物を使わずに1日100万ガロン以上の水を浄化する。

ニューヨーク州の水の健康に貢献するだけでなく、そのデザインの順応性により、ラップスイミング、ラウンジ、ウォータースポーツ、子供たちのアクティビティ用に組み替えることができる。また、それぞれを独立して使用することも、組み合わせてオリンピック規定の長さを有するプールとすることも、完全に開放して9,000ft²（約836m²）のプールにして遊ぶこともできる。

Configurations Diagrams

Friends of + POOLは、河川の原水を、化学薬品や添加物を使用せずに水泳可能な微生物学的基準にまで高める濾過システムを設計し、特許を取得した。

チームは、川で泳ぐための道筋をつくるよう市や州の機関に働きかけ、未整備であった公共アクセスに関する規制の確立に努めた。今年の夏の公開デモンストレーションは、ニューヨーク州とFriends of + POOLに、許可の確保とプールの設置に必要な最終データを提供する。

+ POOL Rendering, 2024. Designed by Family New York & Playlab, Inc. Image by proto.

ニューヨークと水域の歴史と、自然資源への公平なアクセスの回復

ニューヨーク市のエリック・アダムス市長は次のように語る。

「〈+ POOL〉は、歴史的に無視されてきた地域で、自分たちの水路を使ってプールをもつことができるという、可能性を秘めた発明である。」

「ニューヨークの水路は現在、その恩恵を最も受けるべき人々を締め出している。〈+ POOL〉は、水域を開放することでニューヨークの自然資源を取り戻し、水路の実用性を回復する。誰もが水を楽しむことができる、それは、人々が自然を大切にし、自然との共存を可能にする。」

+ POOL Rendering, 2024. Designed by Family New York & Playlab, Inc. Image by proto.

過去1世紀にわたり、ニューヨークは公共プールの建設に3度投資し、そのたびに公共的にも経済的にも大きな利益を得てきた。

南北戦争後の1870年代、公衆衛生当局は公衆浴場の増設を求め、ニューヨーク港のいたる所にプールを作成した。1900年代には、ニューヨーカーの40％がニューヨークとその周辺にある15の浴場を利用していた。

1936年、都市建設者・政治家であるロバート・モーゼス（Robert Moses）がWPA（Works Progress Administration：1935年に設立された失業対策機関）の一環として11の公共プールを建設した。現在も営業しているニューヨーク市の公共屋外プールの20％は、約100年前の大恐慌後にモーゼスが建設したWPAプールである。

1970年から1972年の間に、NYCは19の市営プールを建設した。プール開設後の1973年3月、当時の警察長官パトリック・V・マーフィー（Patrick V. Murphy）は、犯罪が18％減少したと発表した。

+ POOL Rendering. Designed by Family New York & Playlab, Inc. Image Family New York.

「Contested Waters」の著者ジェフ・ウィルツ（Jeff Wiltse）は次のように語る。

「1920年代、1930年代、1940年代、市営プールは非常に人気があった。全国の市や町が何千ものプールを新設し、何千万人ものアメリカ人が利用した。これらのプールは、レジャー、喜び、美を重んじるという、新しく現代的な『良い生活』の象徴となった。」

「1933年には、水泳は映画に行くのと同じくらいポピュラーなものとなった。つまり、プールはアメリカ人が望む生活の不可欠な一部だったのである。」

+ POOL Rendering. Designed by Family New York & Playlab, Inc. Image Family New York.

今日、市営プールは少なくなっているが、現代に生きる私たちにさらに多くの恩恵をもたらす可能性を秘めている。

年々増加する猛暑から解放してくれる市営プールは、家族とその友人しか利用できないプライベート・プールとは対照的に、1日に何千人もの人々に利用できる、より持続可能なものとなっている。そして、〈+ POOL〉のようなコンセプトによって、ニューヨーカーと私たちの州を囲む水とのつながりを取り戻すことができる。

+ POOL Rendering, 2021. Images 1-8. + POOL Rendering, 2024. Designed by Family New York & Playlab, Inc. Image by Luxigon.

Friends of + POOLの理事長ジョージ・フォンタス（George Fontas）は次のように語る。

「ニューヨーク州内の河川や水域に〈+ POOL〉を建設することは、ニューヨークにおける先見の明であり、ニューヨーカーの健康と福祉に対する並外れた投資である。」

「ホウクル州知事とアダムス市長は、この提案を実現するために、ニューヨーク州および市のさまざまな機関、数十人のスタッフ、専門家を結集させ、驚くべきリーダーシップを発揮してくれた。〈+ POOL〉は、私たちが水路をいかに体験し、交流するかという新しいアプローチに弾みをつけ、経済活動を促進し、これからのニューヨーカーの健康につながっていくことだろう。」

以下、Friends of + POOLのリリース（英文）です。

GOVERNOR HOCHUL MAKES HISTORIC ADVANCE TO BRING STATE-WIDE SWIMMING ACCESS TO NATURAL WATER BODIES USING + POOL TECHNOLOGY

+ POOL receives $16 million to pilot and scale its water-filtering, floating pool design across New York State

+ POOL to install a version of the plus-shaped pool in the NYC river in summer 2024

NEW YORK, N.Y. – January 5, 2024 — In a historic advance, Governor Hochul announced today the foundation of a partnership to open up the natural water bodies across New York State for swimming. Governor Hochul affirmed the State’s intent to expand swimming access across the state and has committed $16 million to pilot and scale + POOL with the goal to create the first urban river-sourced swim facility in the United States. This summer, the Governor and the nonprofit Friends of + POOL plan to launch an approx. 2,000 sq. ft. version of the water-filtering swimming pool utilizing + POOL’s design and technology. The installation in New York City this summer will demonstrate how the + POOL, and its unique filtration system, will provide safe public access to our waters and meet new regulations outlined by the government. It will also contribute to the assessment of a variety of sites for the build out of pools across the State. Bringing river swimming to New Yorkers through + POOL will help New York State take meaningful steps towards the goals of the Clean Water Act.

Governor Hochul declared, “It’s called + POOL, and it will allow New Yorkers to swim in clean, filtered water right under the city skyline. The state will contribute $12 million, the city committed $4 million, and will ensure that the pool will be open for testing next summer – and for swimmers the following summer.”

+ POOL Design and Filtration System

When completed, the plus-shaped floating swimming pool will filter water through its walls, cleaning more than 1,000,000 gallons of water a day without chemicals or additives. In addition to contributing to the health of New York State’s waters, + POOL’s is adaptable; able to be reconfigured for lap swimming, lounging, watersports, and children’s activities. Each configuration can be used independently, combined to form an Olympic-length pool or opened completely into a 9,000 square foot pool for play.

Friends of + POOL has engineered a filtration system that brings raw river water to an acceptable microbiological standard for swimming, and patented the design. The team has utilized the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (US EPA) water quality modeling software, the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program version 8.1 (WASP; US EPA, 2018a), to model the system and to determine that it is possible to ensure + POOL’s water quality without the use of chemical disinfectants. The + POOL team advocated for city and state agencies to create a pathway for river swimming and worked to establish regulations for public access where there were none. This summer’s public demonstration of the system will provide New York State and Friends of + POOL with the final data needed to secure permits and greenlight the completion of the pool’s installation.

Restoring Equitable Access

Mayor Eric Adams says, “Think about this. + POOL. Do you know how long we fought for this? …This was an invention that was possible, to be able to use our own waterways to have pools in communities that have historically been ignored.”

“New York’s waterways are currently out of bounds from those who could benefit most from them,” says Friends of + POOL Managing Director, Kara Meyer. “+ POOL reclaims New York’s natural resources by opening our waters. It restores the utility of our waterways. It gives everyone the ability to enjoy the water. It enables people to care for and coexist with nature.”

Over the past century, New York has invested in the build out of public pools three times, each time, reaping great public and economic benefits. In the 1870s, after the civil war, public health officials called for more public baths and created floating pools up and down the NY harbor. By the 1900s, 40% of New Yorkers used the 15 floating bathhouses in and around NY1936 was “The Summer of Pools” in NYC, when Robert Moses unveiled the opening of 11 new public pools built as part of the WPA. 20% of NYC’s public outdoor pools still in operation today were the WPA pools built nearly 100 years ago by Moses following the Great Depression.(1) Between 1970 and 1972, NYC built 19 municipal pools. In March 1973 after the opening of the pools, then police commissioner Patrick V. Murphy announced an 18% decline in crime.(2)

“Municipal swimming pools were extraordinarily popular during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. Cities and towns across the country opened thousands of new pools that served tens of millions of Americans. These pools became emblems of a new, distinctly modern version of the good life that valued leisure, pleasure, and beauty,” says Jeff Wiltse, author of Contested Waters. “By 1933, swimming had become as popular as going to the movies. Pools were, in short, an integral part of the kind of life Americans wanted to live.”

Today, municipal pools are scarce and yet, they have the potential to provide even more benefits to us in contemporary times. Municipal pools provide relief from increased instances of extreme heat. They serve thousands in a day as opposed to private pools that may only serve a single family and their friends, making them more sustainable. And, with concepts like + POOL, they will reconnect New Yorkers to the waters that surround our great state.

Archie Lee Coates IV, one of the designers of + POOL and co-founder of the nonprofit leading the initiative says, “For the amazing community of supporters that have been pushing for river access with us for so many years, this is a day to celebrate. A lot of incredible people have been working daily to make this happen in New York. It’s projects like + POOL that make New York, New York, and we are excited for the work ahead that will contribute to the overall quality of life in the city for all New Yorkers.”

“Building + POOLs in the rivers and waters across New York State is a visionary moment in New York and an extraordinary investment into the health and well being of New Yorkers,” says Friends of + POOL Board Chair, George Fontas. “Governor Hochul and Mayor Adams have shown incredible leadership aligning several New York State and City agencies, dozens of staff and experts to make this proposal a reality. + POOL will spur new approaches to how we experience and interact with our waterways, promote economic activity, and lead to healthier New Yorkers.”

About Friends of + POOL

Friends of + POOL is a nonprofit organization that is reclaiming the water that surrounds us. It is the driver of + POOL, a self-filtering, floating swimming pool that filters river water through the walls of the pool, cleaning more than 1,000,000 gallons daily while providing a public, recreational space for New Yorkers to enjoy. It also produces free public and educational programs to celebrate safe access to the river, promote water stewardship; and educate the public on the issues affecting our water quality.
More info at www.pluspool.org

+ POOL Fact Sheet

Public Access to Water in New York and the +POOL

Overview
After decades of investment to improve water quality, cities around the world are beginning to open up their once polluted waterways for public access. In NYS, we too have greatly improved our waterways. As has been reported by NYSDEC, New York’s rivers and harbors are the cleanest they’ve been in years. The average fecal coliform and Enterococcus levels have dramatically decreased over the last three decades, due in large part to the cessation of raw sewage dumping, the elimination of illegal discharges into the water body and the reduction of Combined Sewer Overflows. It’s time to identify ways to safely access our waters for public recreation and set the goal of safe swimming in saline waters.

About + POOL
+ POOL is a water-filtering, floating pool being designed for installation in New York’s inner harbor, around New York State, and beyond. The pool will filter the water that it floats in through its walls, cleaning more than 1,000,000 gallons a day without chemicals or additives.

• + POOL reclaims New York’s natural resources by opening our waters.
• Public waterways belong to everyone but are often relegated to scenic landscapes and travel routes.
• Swimming is a safety skill that many New Yorkers lack, increasing their risk of drowning.
• Years of systemic racism have limited black and brown communities access to swim education.

The + POOL filtration system is a unique configuration of proven filtration system technology consisting of three layers and a final disinfection that meets bathing beach standards for swimmable water. In 2017, Friends of + POOL filed a provisional patent application on its filtration system, followed by an international patent in 2018. In addition to contributing to the health of our State’s waters, + POOL is adaptable; able to be reconfigured for lap swimming, lounging, watersports, swim education classes, and children’s activities. Each configuration can be used independently, combined to form an Olympic-length pool or opened completely into a 9,000 square foot pool for play.(1)

FACTS
Water Quality & Access
• Fifty years ago, the U.S. passed the Clean Water Act with the goal of ensuring “fishable, swimmable” water across the U.S. by 1983.(2)
• Water quality improvements in the last several decades have brought New Yorkers back onto and in waters like Hudson River, Bronx River, and Flushing Bay for recreation; and there is a need for further progress to meet the recreational needs of New Yorkers.(3)
• + POOL, a nonprofit water stewardship organization, has engineered a system to provide safe, regular access to urban waters for swimming that has potential to scale worldwide.(4)
• According to a recent report by the Environmental Integrity Project, 51 percent of assessed rivers and streams in the U.S. are impaired.(5)

History of Public Investment and Societal Benefits of Municipal Swimming Pools

Municipal swimming pools have a history of bringing great societal benefits to the public. In the 1920s, they fostered a vibrant community life by bringing together large numbers of diverse people for sustained interaction and socializing, teaching a generation of Americans how to swim and providing premium recreational facilities for Americans of all backgrounds. Today, municipal pools are scarce and yet, they have the potential to provide even more benefits to us in contemporary times. Municipal pools provide relief from increased instances of extreme heat. They serve thousands in a day as opposed to private pools that may only serve a single family and their friends, making them more sustainable. And, with concepts like + POOL, they will reconnect New Yorkers to the waters that surround our great state. Conventional inground pools are beneficial for humans but come at a high environmental cost.

• In the 1870s, after the civil war, public health officials called for more public baths and created floating pools up and down the NY harbor. By the 1900s, 40% of New Yorkers used the 15 floating bathhouses in and around NY, however these floating river pools were closed in the early 1900s due to environmental degradation.(6)
• The period between World War I and World War II, was the “Age of the Swimming Pool” and between 1920-1940, the US built 2,000 new public swimming pools and reaped the benefits.(7)
• According to an extensive 1933 survey of Americans’ leisure-time activities conducted by the National Recreation Association, swimming was as much a part of Amercian’s lives as going to the movies.(8)
• 1936 was “The Summer of Pools” in NYC, when Robert Moses unveiled the opening of 11 new public pools built as part of the WPA.(9)
• Each WPA pool cost $1 Million each, equivalent of $18.6 Million in today’s dollars.
• 20% of NYC’s public outdoor pools still in operation today were the WPA pools built nearly 100 years ago by Moses following the Great Depression.(10)
• In the 1970s, municipal pools were developed to help deter crime.(11)
• Between 1970 and 1972, NYC built 19 municipal pools. In March 1973 after the opening of the pools, then police commissioner Patrick V. Murphy announced an 18% decline in crime.(12)
• A collection of pools, one of them Olympic sized, in the Bronx’s Van Cortlandt Park, set a record for the completion of a capital project in the city, taking just under a year from the point of conception, suggesting the sense of urgency surrounding the enterprise.(13)
• NYC has only opened 5 public pools in the past 50 years. 434 private pools have been built during the same period.(14)
• Since 2009, more than 1,800 public pools have closed across the country.(15)
• A legacy of segregation, the privatization of pools, and starved public recreation budgets have led to the decline of public places to swim in many cities.(16)
• NYC has the lowest number of public pools per capita of any major U.S. city.(17)
• Since “Age of the Swimming Pool”, we’ve been on a private pool rampage. The U.S. built 21,000 new private swim clubs from 1950-1962. From 1950-1970, the U.S. built 800,000 residential pools.

Benefits of Being on/in Water
Public access to water has a myriad of public health and environmental benefits, including:
o Mental & Physical Health
o Social Interaction and Community
o Connection to Natural Environment
o Relief from Extreme Heat
o Greater Appreciation of Water

• There is a growing body of research that suggests spending time in and around water can have various physical, mental, and emotional benefits.
• Living closer to the coast is associated with lower stress levels.(18)
• Coastal and blue spaces are linked to reduced psychological distress and improved mental well-being.(19)
• The sound of water has been found to boost creativity and induce a relaxed mental state. (20)
• Swimming offers low-impact exercise with cardiovascular and muscular benefits.(21)
• Exposure to natural sounds, including water sounds, improves sleep quality.
• Time spent around water promotes a connection with nature, enhancing overall well-being.(22)
• Aquatic therapy, involving water-based exercises, is effective for physical and mental health conditions.(23)
• Water-based activities provide opportunities for social interaction, fostering community and relationships.(24)
• Coastal and waterfront tourism contributes significantly to local economies, providing jobs and economic growth.(25)
• Heat kills more Americans than any other weather-related disaster, according to data tracked by the National Weather Service.(26)

Water Safety Education
• Many Americans don’t know how to swim because they don’t have anywhere safe to learn how to do so. Public pools are that safe place.(27)
• In NYC, there is only one public pool for every 126,808(28) residents. Given access is limited, few New Yorkers learn to swim despite living in close proximity to water, which is incredibly dangerous when considering that 10 people drown each day in the United States.(29)
• 79% of children in households with incomes less than $50,000 have little-to-no swimming ability.(30)
• Formal swimming lessons reduce the likelihood of childhood drowning by 88%.(31)

Why + POOL
• Identifying safe places to access our waters is of critical importance to tapping into the social benefits of swimming in natural waters. That’s why NYS is collaborating with + POOL to leverage their technology, advanced engineering, and process controls to open up access across the state. + POOL demonstrates how we plan to provide safe public access to our waters this summer, and will assess a variety of sites for the build out of public access points across the State. Bringing river swimming to New Yorkers through + POOL will help New York State take meaningful steps towards the goals of the Clean Water Act.
• + POOL is both an economic development opportunity and an opportunity for the State to capitalize on innovation developed in our great State that could improve public access to waters worldwide. According to a recent report by the Environmental Integrity Project, 51 percent of assessed rivers and streams in the U.S. are impaired.(32)
• Community swimming pools are the perfect solution to increased instances of extreme heat, social isolation, screen addiction, drownings, mental health issues, obesity and more public space. They serve thousands in a day making them grossly more sustainable than private pools that might only serve a family and their friends. They are where people from different backgrounds come together and are equals.
• + POOL also has the potential to be a workforce development project across multiple skill sets including: training the pool’s operators, water quality experts, lifeguards, and administrators. The project has received significant interest from other cities interested in scaling the idea and bringing it to their waterfronts.
• Urban cities(33) around the world suffer from outdated sewage systems with poor infrastructure and streetwater outfalls carrying waste directly to city waterways, making urban rivers too polluted and unsafe for recreation. While + POOL will clean and discharge more than 1,000,000 gallons of river water every day while providing a public recreational space in which New Yorkers can enjoy their natural environment, it is not merely a pool, but rather a tool demonstrating the effectiveness of new technology to combat environmental issues that is adaptable to any urban environment.

About Friends of + POOL
The nonprofit Friends of + POOL was founded in 2015 to build, operate and maintain + POOL, educate the public on the issues affecting our water quality, and promote water stewardship. Friends of + POOL develops educational, recreational and cultural programming that enhance the lives of New Yorkers, including learn-to-swim and environmental education programs.

Endnotes
1 https://pluspool.org/pool/info/
2 https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-water-act
3 https://www.riverkeeper.org/news-events/news/water-quality/new-york-state-urged-to-protect-water-quality-in-new-york-city/
4 https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019023649&_cid=P21-K0HA5T-71665-1
5 https://environmentalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/CWA-report-3.23.22-FINAL.pdf
6 https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/pools
7 Wiltse, Jeff, Contested Waters: A Social History of Swimming Pools in America, 2007.
8 Wiltse, Jeff, Contested Waters: A Social History of Swimming Pools in America, 2007.
9 https://www.6sqft.com/the-1936-summer-of-pools-when-robert-moses-and-the-wpa-cooled-off-nyc/
10 https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/pools
11 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/04/nyregion/coronavirus-nyc-crime-pools.html
12 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/04/nyregion/coronavirus-nyc-crime-pools.html
13 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/04/nyregion/coronavirus-nyc-crime-pools.html
14 https://www.curbed.com/2023/09/map-nyc-15-000-private-pools-luxury-hotels-devel-opments.html
15 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjC2Ucpr__E
16 https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/22/business/public-pools-extreme-heat/index.html
17 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/28/nyregion/heat-waves-climate-change-inequality.html
18 White et al., “Coastal proximity and physical activity: Is the coast an under-appreciatedpublic health resource?”
19 BlueHealth project, European Union
20 R. R. Kaplan, “Some psychological benefits of water.”
21 V. L. Wiley, “The impact of swimming on general health status.
22 P. G. Gobster, “Managing urban parks for a racially and ethnically diverse clientele.
23 B. E. Becker et al., “Aquatic therapy: scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation appli-cations.
24 C. M. Carr et al., “Blue space geographies: Enabling health in place.
25 J. J. Pigram, “Sustainable tourism in the marine environment.
26 https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/22/business/public-pools-extreme-heat/index.html
27 https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/11/opinion/swimming-public-pools.html?showTranscript=1
28 Based on the 2018 population in New York City of 8.623 million, and the 68 indoor and out-door public pools operated by the NYC Department of Parks and Recreation.
29 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Con-trol. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [online]. [cited 2012 May3]. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars.
30 USA Swimming Foundation study through the University of Memphis and University of Ne-vada, Las Vegas, 2017
31 Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 2009
32 https://environmentalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/CWA-report-3.23.22-FINAL.pdf
33 In 2013, the Environmental Protection Agency rated a striking 55% of U.S. rivers and streams as poor and identified an astounding 71% of waterways as poor in the Southeast. In Latin America, 70% of the river water in the region is contaminated, according to a report published by the World Bank. The Asian Development Water Outlook report of 2013 indicated that 80% of Asia’s rivers are in poor health and overwhelmed by pollution. Perhaps most tragically, according to the United Nations Environment Programme, an overwhelming 90% of wastewater in developing coun-tries is discharged untreated into rivers, lakes and oceans.

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