CNCなど先端テクノロジーで築く建築家の自邸

© Tom Ross

オーストラリアのメルボルンに建つ〈ノースコート・ハウス（Northcote House）〉は、幅4.6mの敷地に建てられた建築家の自邸です。ほとんどのコンポーネント（部品）は、先進的なCNCやロボット技術を活用し、現場から5km以内の場所で製造されたものを使用して構成されています。

ロボティック・ファブリケーションやARなどを活用し、循環型デザインやテクノロジーによる建設廃棄物の最小化に取り組む、建築家、デザイナー、研究者、技術者、メーカーからなるLLDSが設計しました。

注目ポイント

• 部屋をつなぎつつ光と空気をめぐらせる中央の吹き抜け
• CNC加工された断熱ボードをコンクリートの型枠として使用し、屋根の断熱材として再利用
• 現場から得た点群スキャンデータを製造に反映し、効率的な施工プロセスを実現

（以下、LLDSから提供されたプレスキットのテキストの抄訳）

© Tom Ross

LLDSは、ビクトリア朝時代のテラスハウスの様式を既存の都市環境に対応しつつ再構築した、オーストラリアのメルボルンにコンパクトな都心住宅を設計した。東西に細長い、長さ22m、幅4.6mの狭い敷地に対し、庭のスペースが不足している点を考慮し、地面を高くして屋上庭園を設ける設計とした。

自由曲線の木造構造の下には、近隣の大型工場やビクトリアン様式の教会ホールを思わせる、キッチン、ダイニングルーム、エントランスベランダを備えたホールのような部屋がある。内部の壁にはテクスチャ加工を施したコンクリートを使用し、熱容量を高めるとともに、平行な境界壁によるフラッターエコー効果を低減することで、ダイニングルームの音響効果を改善している。

© Tom Ross

1階は、中央に吹き抜けのある円形の居間を中心に空間が構成されており、自然光と換気が家の奥まで行き届くようになっている。

この居間は、1階を東側と西側の寝室に分け、それぞれがユーティリティと専用バスルームとして使える控えの間を備えている。バスルームを除き、愛犬が自由に移動できるよう、各部屋の間には内部ドアを設置していない。

© Tom Ross

© Tom Ross

スナッグにはカンガルーやシカの皮が使用されているが、これらはすべて地元で調達された農業の副産物であり、原始的な雰囲気を醸し出し、コンクリート打ち放しの内装と対照的な印象を与えている。

この住宅は3つの階段でつながっており、回遊性を高めると同時に廊下スペースを省いている。

© Tom Ross

東西のファサードは、つる性植物を這わせるため格子状に設計されており、自然を内部空間に取り込んでいる。

エントランスのバルコニーからは、路地や近隣の公共駐車場を自然に眺めることができる。これは、日本の縁側のコンセプトを取り入れた、ゆるやかにプログラムされた屋外ベランダである。

© Tom Ross

先進テクノロジーで生み出す効率的なデザインと施工プロセス

このプロジェクトは、「構造的表現による持続可能な設計」と「施工における配慮の促進」という2つの設計理念を掲げている。

このプロジェクトで使用された素材は、施工可能性と実用性を考慮して選ばれたもので、自然な風合いや耐久性を備えており、塗装仕上げは行われていない。また、巨大な屋根構造、格子状のファサード、保水機能を活用したパッシブデザイン戦略は、頑丈なディテールや熱交換器と組み合わさり、快適な空間をつくり出している。

© Tom Ross

ほとんどのコンポーネントは、先進的なCNCやロボット技術を活用し、現場から5km以内の場所で製造された。内装のテクスチャードコンクリートをつくるための型枠としてCNC加工されたPIR断熱ボードは、屋根の断熱材として再利用されている。

先進テクノロジーを活用することで、このプロジェクトは建設プロセスに複雑性を加えている。設計のフィードバックとして、実際の建設情報の点群スキャンデータが、木材の屋根とコンクリート型枠の製造データに反映された。

© Tom Ross

© Tom Ross

〈ノースコート・ハウス〉は建築家の自邸であり、ライフスタイルに合わせ、さまざまなグループが集まるためのポケットギャザリングスペースがいくつも設けられている。

また、まちに貢献する家であることも求めた設計となっており、通りとの接点や、緑化や地域の生態系をサポートする屋根やファサードが設計された。

© Tom Ross

この住宅は、限られた敷地面積の中で、居住者にさまざまな空間と体験を提供している。

コンパクトなキッチンダイニングスペースから、天窓から差し込む自然光を浴びながら休息するのに最適な2階建ての居心地の良いスペース、 屋外シャワー付きのプライベートな裏庭、そして屋上テラスからは近隣の屋根や木々の梢、そしてマウント・マセドニアを背景とした素晴らしい景色を眺めることができる。

© Tom Ross

© Tom Ross

Ground floor plan

2nd floor plan

Roof floor plan

Elevation

Section

以下、LLDSのリリース（英文）です。

PROJECT: Northcote House (New Build)
LOCATION: Wurundjeri Country, Greater Melbourne, Victoria
COMPLETION DATE: 2023
BUILDER: Owner Builder

NORTHCOTE HOUSE

LLDS has re-conceptualised the Victorian terrace typology in response to the existing urban context to create a compact inner-city house in Melbourne, Australia.

Sited on a narrow plot orientated east-west, 22m long and 4.6m wide, the main design move was to elevate the ground to form a roof garden to address the lack of garden spaces. The brown roof supports local ecology in an urban context. Below the free-form timber structure is a hall-like room with a kitchen, dining room, and entrance veranda reminiscent of the neighbourhood’s large factory lofts and Victorian church halls. The highly textured concrete internal wall provides thermal mass and improves the dining room’s acoustics by reducing the flutter echo effect caused by the parallel boundary walls.

The ground floor is spatially organised around a circular snug with a central void bringing natural daylight and ventilation to the depth of the House. The snug divides the ground floor into the east and west bedrooms, each with antechambers that function as utilities and ensuites. The stair around the snug creates a dramatic descent into the space, furnished with bespoke upholsteries and dark green velvet curtains; there are no internal doors between rooms to allow the client’s dog to move freely, except for the bathrooms. Dark Green colour is chosen to complement the warm timber stairs and lining. The snug is furnished with kangaroo and deer hide, all locally sourced as a by-product of farming. It evokes a sense of primitiveness and contrasts with the raw concrete interior. The east bedroom has a concrete vaulted soffit, which transfers the weight of the roof above. The House is interconnected with three stairs to encourage circular movement and eliminate the need for corridor spaces.

The East and West façades are designed as trellises for climbing plants, bringing nature into the interior space. The entrance balcony is a natural surveillance of the laneway and neighbouring public car park; it is a loosely programmed outdoor veranda borrowing the Japanese “Engawa” concept.

The project has two core design values: (1) Sustainable design through tectonic expression and (2) Developing care in construction.

(1) The material used in this project is based on its materiality and constructability by the owner builder – they are selected for their natural texture, patina and longevity. Passive design strategies using the enormous roof structure, trellis façade, and water retention are coupled with robust detail, as well as the heat exchanger, to create comfort. Most components are locally manufactured within 5 km of the site and utilise advanced CNC and robotics technology. PIR sheet is CNC milled as formwork to create the interior textured concrete, which was re-used as insulation for the roof.

(2) Using advanced technology, the project brings intricacy to the construction process. Point cloud scanning of as-built information was used to inform the manufacturing data of the timber roof and concrete formwork as design feedback. The point cloud is used to align the concrete texture across the day joint. The free-form plywood roof with the exposed soffit is a collaboration with TGA Engineering.

The Northcote House is the architect’s own home. It is tailored to the client’s way of life – a home with a series of pocket-gathering spaces for groups of introverts. The brief also calls for a house that would give back to the City by addressing the interface with the street, a roof and a façade that would support greenery and local ecology. Within the small footprint, the design provides its inhabitants with a variety of spaces and experiences, from a compact kitchen dining space that utilises the local restaurant and eateries more than encourage home cooking to the double-storey snug, which is perfect for resting while enjoying the daylight entering from the skylights above; the front terrace which oversees the local neighbourhood offering secure surveillance; the rear private courtyard which includes an outdoor shower; and the rooftop terrace offers impressive views over neighbouring rooftops and tree canopies with Mount Macedon in the background.

Sustainability:

The project has the following sustainability and environmental benefits:
– Use re-useable formwork (Peri Duo) instead of ply or timber formwork for concrete casting. CNC-milled PIR insulation board is used to create the concrete texture that can be reused in roof insulation.
– The materials are selected for their natural texture, patina, longevity, and performance. No paint finishes.
– All hardwood timber and plywood are FSC-certified timber products.
– Use of reclaimed and recycled products. Existing brick from demolition is used for repair to existing commercial unit.
– 3000L rainwater retention onsite for greywater use and irrigation.
– Only the concrete boundary wall is a permanent structure; the internal partitions, steel facade and roof structure are designed for disassembly and future alteration.
– Heat exchanger to purify air and maintain indoor temperature.
– The building is designed for high airtightness, test result: 2.1m3/h @50pascals.
– The building LCA is 600 kg CO e/m2; cradle to grave (A1-A4, B4-B5, C1-C4) based on Greenstar (AUS/NZ)

Products:

Furniture & Fabrics:
Beds, chairs, wardrobes, and shelving designed by LLDS and fabricated by Power to Make.
Outdoor bean bags: Fatboy.
Curtains: Warwick Fabrics by P&S Drapery.
Bespoke upholstery: Wortley textiles by Navascues Upholstery.
Bathroom walls and vanity: Corian Solid Surface by Power to Make.

Bathroom Fittings & Fixtures:
Tapware & showers: Elysian Collection supplied by ABI Interiors.
Heated towel rails: Milani Collection supplied by ABI Interiors.
Wall Hung toilet: Duravit SensoWash Starck f.

Appliances:
Induction hob with downdraft exhaust: Bora.
Combination oven: Bosch.
Fridge freezer, dishwasher drawer & Laundry Washing Machine: Fisher & Paykel.

Lighting & Power:
General Power Outlets and Light Switches: ZETR.
Lighting: Nemo Lightings, Lighting Republic, supplied by Light Co.

Heating:
Wood Fire: Stuv 30 Compact supplied by Oblica.
Underfloor Heating: Thermoscreed Electrical Heating Cable supplied by Thermogroup.
Heat Recovery Ventilation System: Optimocosy HR by Atlantic.

Staircases:
Rear Spiral: Enzie Spiral Staircase.
Front Entrance: LLDS designed, Di-Metal Design Steel fabrication.
Internal: LLDS designed, Power to Make fabricated and Installed.

External Windows & Doors:
Timber Framed Windows and Sliding Doors: BINQ Windows.
Rondel glass: Artist Ruth Allen and Jamfactory, Cast Concrete Frame: Power to Make.
Skylights: Power to Make, glass by All Round Glass & Glazing.

Practice Details:
Practice: LLDS
Email: design@llds.com.au
Web: www.llds.com.au

Practice Bio:
LLDS is a design and architectural practice that extends design and craft sensibility through digital technologies. We make architecture that engages with everyday activities through materials. We believe that architecture should be ethical, generous, sustainable and responsive. We design through spatial, material and narrative making, exploring construction processes and digital media using robotics to virtual reality. Established in 2012, LLDS is a group of architects, designers, researchers, technologists, and makers led by David Leggett and Paul Loh; both are architects registered in Australia and the UK, respectively. Both partners are educators and have led design workshops and lectured in Australia, Sweden, Italy, China, Canada, and the UK.

The practice provides full architectural services and operates on the scale of the city, building, interior, and furniture. Our works have been exhibited and received awards in Australia and the UK. Our research in material practice has been published in international journals and discussed at international forums. We make new tools for robotic fabrication, including patent technology that reduces waste in concrete panel fabrication.

LLDS is a signatory of Architects Declare Australia and is committed to carbon-neutral practices in our business and through our projects. We are committed to designing using circular design principles, passive climate design strategies, and minimising construction waste through technology. Our project supports the local economy, and where possible, we aim to source material, craft and fabrication resources near the project site; these are often our starting positions. We are committed to specifying products, materials and production processes that mitigate modern slavery risks in our supply chains.

LLDS 公式サイト
https://www.llds.com.au/architecture/005-northcote-house/