中国の奥地に建つ〈竹管壟郷の茶葉市場(Tea Leaf Market of Zhuguanlong)〉は、地域の産業である茶葉の取引を促進するとともに、地域のためのコミュニティスペースとしても使用できる、竹で組まれた大スパンの屋根が特徴的な半屋外空間です。
また、近隣の家屋の解体から発生した瓦礫や木材、石材加工工場の廃棄物などを再利用してつくられており、全ての材料は現場から20km圏内で入手して構築されました。中国の設計事務所 SUPアトリエ(SUP Atelier)が設計しました。
(以下、SUP Atelierから提供されたプレスキットのテキストの抄訳)
茶葉市場の建つ竹管壟郷は、福建省北部、寿寧県の山岳地帯の奥深くにあり、竹と茶の産地である一方で、貧困にあえぐ地域であった。〈竹管壟郷の茶葉市場〉は、竹を主な材料として限られた資金で建設された多機能な空間であり、地域の茶葉取引を活性化すると同時に、村の公共活動を改善し、村人たちの情報共有やレジャーの場となるよう計画された。
地域の材料、職人、建築技術を駆使して建設された、大スパンのオープンスペースは、年間を通じてフレキシブルに利用でき、季節的な茶葉の取引だけでなく、農産物の取引や冠婚葬祭、村人たちの野外活動など、公共的な役割も果たす。
茶葉市場の位置する昭寧県は、中国の伝統的な木造アーチ橋という建築技術の継承地の1つであり、現在でも19の木造アーチ橋が保存されている。また、孟宗竹の産地でもある。私たちは木造アーチの原型と伝統的な建築技術を研究し、洗練された竹構造を提案した。木材の代用となる入手しやすい小さな竹部品を重ね合わせてユニットを形成し、18mのスパンを有する竹編み屋根を組み立てた。
村人の多くは、この地方で一般的な版築建築の訓練を受けていた。そのため、建物の北側には、版築技術を応用した鉄筋コンクリート構造の壁を構築した。これは、主構造を補うと同時に、外部と内部を隔てる壁であり、スクリーンでもある。
敷地周辺の廃棄物は、地域の職人によってリサイクル、加工、再利用された。
これにより、〈竹管壟郷の茶葉市場〉は現場から20km圏内で材料を入手して構築された。
この過疎地の環境的・社会的状況を考慮し、低コストでの資材調達、地域の職人の参加、地域の技術の活用を徹底することで、この建物が土から生える木のようにこの地に深く根付く。また、村人たちを建設に参加させることにより、その恩恵を受けられるよう努めた。
開放的な屋根は自然換気と採光を促進し、運営コストを削減する。
古くから、中国の伝統文化の象徴として認識されてきた楼閣や塔は、必ずしも閉鎖的なものではなく、東洋文化に深く根付く人間と自然の調和という概念を反映し、開放的なジェスチャーで建てられているものも少なくない。
〈竹管壟郷の茶葉市場〉は、雨風を防ぐシェルターとしての役割を果たしながらも、開放的なのが特徴である。土壁、コンクリート構造、テラゾー床が組み合わされ、人間と自然の調和を示しながら、ある種の自然の堅固さを表現している。近代的な技術でつくられた金属屋根は、軽い竹構造とシームレスに接合しつつ、建物の耐久性と気候への適応性を保証している。
中国伝統建築の軒先の張り出しの軽さと美しさは、中国古代文学の古典である「詩経」の中で「美しい鳥が翼を伸ばしているかのようだ」と表現している。そして、人里離れた竹管壟郷では、この軽さと美しさが、生の竹が本来持っている力強さによって映し出されている。
地域住民のために提案され、建設されたこの市場は、この地域の将来の繁栄に欠かせない力強い精神を後押しすることを目的としている。村人、技術、資材に支えられたこのプロジェクトは、環境への介入を最小限に抑えながら、地域の人々の人間性、経済、健康、教育における長期的な公益を最大化している。
以下、SUP Atelierのリリース(英文)です。
Zhuguanlong Township in Shouning County, Fujian Province of China, where the Tea Leaf Market is located, was a tea-rich but poverty-stricken region with vast tea fields and moso bamboo forest on its mountains.
To boost local tea leaf trading economy, the government and villagers proposed a multi-functional tea leaf market near a bus stop. It could also provide the villagers with a quality public space for gathering, leisure activities, and sharing business opportunities.
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As a result, a big open space with a large span was built with local materials, craftsmen and building technologies. It could be flexibly used throughout the year with low maintenance costs. Apart from seasonal tea leaf trading, it can serve multiple public purposes. (farm produce trading, festival celebrations, weddings, funerals, outdoor film projection, and children activities)Traditional building technologies for wooden arch bridges (Traditional design and practices for building Chinese wooden arch bridges) have been carried forward since ancient times in Shouning County, (which is listed in the UNESCO’s Intangible cultural heritage) with 19 wooden arch bridges preserved till now. Shouning County is one of inheritance regions of wooden arch bridge building technologies and abounds in moso bamboo. We studied the prototype and traditional building technologies of wooden woven arches, and proposed refined bamboo structures (Load tests were carried out to determine the structure’s maximum bearing capacity), and overlapped easily obtained small bamboo parts, which served as substitute for timber ones (Bamboo is more light-weighted and easier to process than wood), to form identical units that were finally assembled into a woven bamboo roof with an 18-meter span. A roof has a smaller load than a bridge with an identical span).
Since many villagers were well trained for rammed earth buildings, which were common in the region (Tulou, a sort of earth building in Fujian Province, is built with traditional earth-ramming technologies and listed as World Cultural Heritage), an enclosure wall was built around the reinforced concrete structure at the building’s north side, where traditional earth-ramming technologies were applied. It served as both a cover for the main structure and a theme-wall and screen between the exterior and interior.
Waste was turned into wealth.
Discarded materials around the site were recycled, processed and re-utilized by local craftsmen. Going through a whole process of collecting waste materials:1. Rubble retrieved from demolished houses’ foundations; 2. Complete timber structural parts recycled from demolished dilapidated houses; 3. Leftovers from stone processing factories; 4. Discarded Shouning stone plates from pavement.), discussing and experimenting on their utilization with local craftsmen:1. Recycled rubble were directly applied to foundations for buildings or landscape walls; 2. Recycled timber parts were processed into timber bricks or timber units for benches; 3. Leftovers from stone plates were processed into small pavement parts; 4. Smaller leftovers were broken into bits as terrazzo aggregate, and applying them to the building, we finally reached the goal of obtaining materials within 20 kilometers of the site.Considering the environmental and social status of this underdeveloped region, we made sure a low-cost process of material obtaining, participation of local craftsmen and involvement of local technologies were implemented, so that the building could be deeply rooted here like a tree growing out from its soil, thus motivating the villagers to participate in and benefit from its construction. The large span has made it possible to turn the market into the community’s activity space [where farm produce trading, villagers’ conference, extracurricular activities, weddings & funerals, weekend films can take place on non-tea leaf trading seasons. Here villagers can take a break from their farmland work; children can draw or play games; tea leaf can be sun-dried at the front square. An open roof could boost natural ventilation and daylighting, reducing operational costs. Against the backdrop of COVID-19 pandemic, it could be used for pandemic prevention coordination, nucleic tests and medical observation.
Long perceived as symbols of Chinese traditional culture, pavilions and towers are not necessarily enclosed; instead, quite a few of them are built with an open gesture, reflecting the concept of harmony between human and nature, which has been deeply rooted in Eastern culture. The tea leaf market, though serving as a shelter against storms, features openness, too. The rammed earth walls, concrete structures and terrazzo floors are put together to present a sort of natural solidness while indicating the human-nature harmony. The metal roof built with modern technologies is joint seamlessly with the light bamboo structure, guaranteeing both durability and climatic adaptability of the building.
The lightness and beauty of overhanging eaves of Chinese traditional buildings were described as “looking like stretched wings of beautiful birds” in Classic of Poetry, an ancient Chinese literature classic. And in the remote Zhuguanlong Township, this sort of lightness and beauty are reflected through the innate strength of raw bamboo. As the Chinese saying goes, “Weak birds fly first”. The soaring gesture of the market, which was proposed and built for local people, aims to boost such a spirit crucial to the region’s future prosperity.
Supported by local villagers, technologies and materials, the project has maximized long-term public benefits in humanity, economy, health and education for local people with minimum environmental intervention.Project Name: Tea Leaf Market of Zhuguanlong
Project Location: Zhuguanlong township, Shouning County, Fujian Province, China
Client: Zhuguanlong township government
Architect office: SUP Atelier of THAD
Lead Architect: Yehao Song, Jingfen Sun
Architects Team: Yingnan Chu,Wenwu Wang,Mengjia Liu,Xinran He,Dan Xie,Xiaojuan Chen
Lighting design: One Lighting Studio of THAD
Engineering consultation: Nan Chen
Woven Arch Bridge construction consultation: Yan Liu
Bamboo Contractors: Anji Zhujing Bamboo Industry Technology Co.,Ltd
Construction Contractor: Local Villagers
Design Year: 2020.02
Completion Year: 2021.04
Site Area: 2000m²
Gross Built Area: 460m²
Photography: Chu Yingnan
「Tea Leaf Market of Zhuguanlong」SUP Atelier 公式サイト
http://www.supatelier.com/en/projects/592